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In phonetics, an r-colored or rhotic vowel (also called a retroflex vowel, vocalic r, or a rhotacized vowel) is a vowel that is modified in a way that results in a lowering in frequency of the third formant.〔 R-colored vowels can be articulated in various ways: the tip or blade of the tongue may be turned up during at least part of the articulation of the vowel (a retroflex articulation) or the back of the tongue may be bunched. In addition, the vocal tract may often be constricted in the region of the epiglottis.〔 R-colored vowels are rare, occurring in less than one percent of the languages of the world. However, they occur in two of the most widely spoken languages: North American English and Mandarin Chinese. In North American English, they are found in words such as ''butter'', ''nurse'' and, for some speakers, ''start''. They also occur in Quebec French, in some varieties of Brazilian Portuguese〔 (Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná ). Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21〕〔 (Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the Paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analysis ). Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)〕〔 Callou, Dinah. Leite, Yonne. "Iniciação à Fonética e à Fonologia". Jorge Zahar Editora 2001, p. 24〕 and some Jutlandic dialects of Danish. == Notation == In the IPA, an r-colored vowel is indicated by a hook diacritic () placed to the right of the regular symbol for the vowel. For example, the IPA symbol for schwa is , while the IPA symbol for an r-colored schwa is . This diacritic is the hook of , a symbol constructed by John Samuel Kenyon along with by adding the retroflex hook (right hook) to and . Both and were proposed as IPA symbols by editors of the ''American Speech'' in 1939 to distinguish it from . The IPA adopted severals ways to transcribe r-colored vowels in its 1947 chart: the turned r ; the superscript turned r , , , , etc.; the retroflex hook , , , , etc.; and added as a variant of in its 1951 chart. In 1976 the retroflex hook was dropped due to insufficient usage. In 1989, after the Kiel Convention, the hook of and was adopted as a diacritic placed on the right side of the vowel symbol for r-colored vowels, e.g. (o˞ ɔ˞ ə˞ ). The use of the superscript turned r () is still commonly seen. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「R-colored vowel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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